Silat as a Living Philosophy: Situating Traditional Malay Martial Arts within Classical Educational Thought 10 May 2025

Introduction
Silat, the traditional martial art of the Malay world, has long been viewed as a cultural treasure that blends physical prowess with deep-rooted spiritual and ethical values. More than mere self-defence, silat is a holistic educational system that aligns closely with classical philosophies of learning across Asia and beyond. When examined alongside educational works such as Taʿlīm al-Mutaʿallim Ṭarīq at-Taʿallum ("Instruction of the Student: The Method of Learning"), a foundational treatise on student conduct and learning discipline, silat emerges as a living tradition that embodies many of the foundational principles of character-based education.

Silat and the Ethos of Character Education
Taʿlīm al-Mutaʿallim outlines timeless guidance on how a student should approach knowledge—with sincerity, respect for the teacher, self-discipline, and a commitment to personal refinement. These same values are core to traditional silat instruction.

In silat, students (anak gelanggang) are taught to uphold adab (etiquette) toward their guru (teacher), never speaking out of turn, serving the teacher, and showing humility in learning and performance. The concept of barakah (blessing) in knowledge transmission is taken seriously, with the belief that arrogance severs one from the deeper wisdom of the art. This mirrors the emphasis on intention and reverence found in classical educational texts.

Discipline, Ritual, and the Embodiment of Knowledge
Many traditional philosophies agree that knowledge must be internalised through disciplined action and regular practice. Taʿlīm al-Mutaʿallim encourages repetition, moral conduct, and time management as keys to learning. Silat reflects this ethos through consistent training in forms (jurus), sparring drills, and the rituals that surround practice—such as bowing, oath-taking (akad), and structured instruction.

Silat also represents embodied knowledge: it shapes not just the intellect but the body and moral self. Mastery is not measured by technical skill alone but by the ability to act with restraint, humility, and a strong sense of responsibility. As in many classical learning traditions, true understanding is reflected in how one behaves.

Silat and Modern Learning Theories
Silat's holistic approach also finds resonance with modern educational philosophies. John Dewey’s emphasis on experiential learning is echoed in silat’s hands-on, iterative training model. Paulo Freire’s vision of education as empowerment is reflected in how silat builds identity, confidence, and discipline. Lev Vygotsky’s concept of guided learning is present in the close mentor-student relationship and cooperative spirit of the gelanggang.

Yet silat adds something distinct: a deep moral framework that is not just taught but physically enacted. It bridges the gap between knowing and being, cultivating both competence and character.

Conclusion
Silat is not just a martial art—it is an educational philosophy in motion. It nurtures discipline, respect, humility, and ethical awareness, grounded in the traditions of both classical and contemporary thought. Through texts like Taʿlīm al-Mutaʿallim, we see how principles of sincerity, reverence, and inner growth transcend cultures and find new life in the practice of silat. At a time when education is often reduced to metrics and outcomes, silat reminds us that true learning is embodied, ethical, and lifelong—a living philosophy passed down with care, purpose, and honour.

Understanding the Realities of Working with the Community and Youths at Risk Through Silat and Sendeng Teratai 29 January 2025

In the world of martial arts, Silat is more than just a combat system—it is a way of life, a philosophy of self-discipline, resilience, and community responsibility. Among the various Silat styles, Sendeng Teratai stands out not just for its physical effectiveness but for its emphasis on character development, ethics, and mental fortitude.

For many at-risk youths, engaging in Silat training offers a structured, values-based approach to reform—teaching them discipline, self-respect, and responsibility. In order to create meaningful change in these youths, we must integrate positive discipline, skills and character reform, and a shared understanding of service to the community through the teachings of Silat and Sendeng Teratai.

Positive Discipline in Silat: Learning Through Adab and Warisan

Traditional Silat, including Sendeng Teratai, is rooted in adab (manners) and warisan (heritage). Positive discipline in Silat is not about harsh punishment but about instilling respect, patience, and self-control through structured training and mentorship.

How Silat Teaches Positive Discipline

• Respect for Elders and Instructors – Students are taught to salute and seek blessings before each session, reinforcing humility.

• Control Over Strength and Emotion – Silat is not just about fighting but about learning when not to fight. It teaches patience and de-escalation before aggression.

• Structured Training Routines – The strict repetition of movements (jurus) teaches perseverance and resilience, helping youths develop focus and commitment.

At-risk youths often struggle with impulsivity and authority. However, in Sendeng Teratai, they learn that discipline is self-imposed, not externally enforced. A practitioner who lacks self-discipline cannot master the fluid, defensive techniques of Sendeng, which require patience, balance, and precision.

Case Example

A troubled youth who frequently gets into street fights may initially join Silat for self-defense, but over time, they learn that real strength lies in self-control and restraint. Through positive mentorship and guided discipline, they begin to channel their energy productively, avoiding conflicts rather than instigating them.

Skills and Character Reform: The Silat Way of Life

Silat does not just train the body—it moulds character. The philosophy behind Sendeng Teratai emphasizes that true warriors are not just skilled fighters but also wise and responsible individuals who contribute to society.

Skills Development in Silat

Pesilats develop a variety of life skills that can help at-risk youths break out of negative cycles:

• Physical Fitness & Self-Defense – A sense of security and confidence that reduces fear-driven aggression.

• Leadership & Teamwork – Training in groups fosters cooperation, mutual respect, and trust.

• Critical Thinking & Strategy – Practitioners learn to assess situations before reacting, improving decision-making in real-life situations.

Character Reform Through Sendeng Teratai

Silat instills core moral values that reform an individual’s character:

• Amanah (Responsibility) – Youths are taught that their strength is a trust, not a tool for destruction.

• Sabar (Patience) – The long process of training teaches them to endure struggles and work towards improvement.

• Hormat (Respect) – They learn to respect others, their community, and themselves.

Case Example

A teenager involved in delinquent activities might see fighting as a way to gain respect. However, after learning Sendeng Teratai, they realize that real respect comes from control, wisdom, and integrity—not violence. Over time, their character shifts from one of defiance to one of humility and responsibility.

A Common Understanding of Service to the Community

A key aspect of Silat is serving the community. Historically, Silat warriors or Pendekars were not just fighters—they were protectors of their people, standing against injustice and uplifting society. Today, the spirit of wiras and pendekars translates into giving back.

To truly reform at-risk youths through Silat and Sendeng Teratai, we must embed within them the concept of collective responsibility:

• Teaching that Silat is not for self-glory but for the betterment of society.

• Encouraging Silat practitioners to engage in community service and youth mentorship.

• Emphasizing that a true warrior protects the weak, rather than preying on them.

When different stakeholders—Silat instructors, schools, social workers, and parents—align their efforts, the transformation is far more powerful than individual interventions. A structured Silat-based mentorship program can help at-risk youths develop discipline, skills, and a sense of duty to their community.

Case Example

Silat students can organize self-defense classes for younger children, engage in community outreach through cultural performances, or mentor younger youths who are struggling with discipline. This reinforces that Silat is not just about self-development but about collective progress.

Silat as a Path to Reform and Empowerment

Silat and Sendeng Teratai provide more than just martial arts training—they offer a holistic system for personal and social transformation. By integrating:

1. Positive discipline through structured training and mentorship,

2. Skill and character reform to empower youths with purpose and resilience, and

3. A shared commitment to service, ensuring that every Silat practitioner contributes back to society, we can reshape the lives of at-risk youths and guide them towards a future of self-respect, wisdom, and responsibility.

Silat is not just about fighting opponents—it is about conquering the self. And for many youths, this realization can be the turning point towards a better life.

Understanding the significance of 'Teratai' in Malay culture 31 December 2024

Understanding the Significance of 'Teratai' in Malay Culture

The lotus flower (“teratai” in Malay) holds profound symbolic and cultural significance in Southeast Asia, particularly within Malay culture. Renowned for its ability to thrive in muddy waters while producing immaculate blossoms, the lotus has been celebrated as a symbol of purity, resilience, and spiritual enlightenment across the region.

Symbolism in Southeast Asian Cultures

Throughout Southeast Asia, the lotus flower occupies an important place in religious, artistic, and cultural traditions. In Hinduism and Buddhism, which have influenced many Southeast Asian cultures, the lotus is revered as a sacred symbol of divine birth and spiritual awakening. For example, in Buddhist traditions, the flower represents the purity of the mind and soul, rising above the murky waters of materialism and attachment. Hindu mythology often associates the lotus with deities like Vishnu and Lakshmi, emphasizing its role as a symbol of creation, beauty, and prosperity.

The design of the lotus is a prominent feature in Southeast Asian art and architecture. Temples, carvings, and even traditional clothing often incorporate lotus motifs, reflecting the flower's revered status.

The Lotus in Malay Culture

In Malay culture, the lotus flower resonates deeply with themes of purity, perseverance, and the harmonious balance between the physical and spiritual worlds. The influence of local folklore, Islamic teachings, and environmental connections has shaped its meaning within the Malay worldview.

This is most clearly seen in traditional Malay mosque architecture, which heavily features the lotus flower as a symbol of purity and the desire to get closer to God (Mohd Zaki Mahmud et al., 2021). The allusion of the lotus as a symbol of purity is also regularly featured in carvings in the wider Malay diaspora (Bayu Adi Nurogo, 2024). Abdullah Mohamed (1980) further elucidated that the lotus represented the seven stages of mortality and divinity in the Malay world, namely:

1. Zat Allah

2. Nur Muhammad

3. Hakikat

4. Alam Ghaib lagi Ghaib

5. Alam Ghaib

6. Alam Nyata

7. Manusia Sempurna

So potent is the teratai in the world of Malay culture and philosophy that even death itself does not escape its influence. The lotus is subtly featured in the tombstones and markers of Malay graves through the symbol of lotuses that have closed themselves. These closed lotus motifs signify the end of a mortal journey while alluding to the soul’s potential for eternal purity and enlightenment.

Artistic and Practical Applications

Malay arts and crafts frequently feature lotus motifs, symbolizing cultural values such as resilience and harmony. Traditional batik and songket designs often incorporate the flower, signifying its deep-rooted presence in the cultural aesthetic. These artistic representations reflect broader themes of balance and interconnectedness inherent in Malay philosophy.

Beyond symbolism, the lotus has practical significance in Malay daily life. The seeds (“buah teratai”) are often consumed as snacks, and the plant is used in traditional medicine for its cooling and detoxifying properties. These uses underscore the close relationship between nature and Malay cultural practices, where natural elements are valued for their utility as well as their beauty.

Modern Relevance

In contemporary times, the lotus continues to serve as a powerful cultural and spiritual emblem. It is a reminder of the enduring values of perseverance, adaptability, and moral integrity—qualities that resonate deeply in the face of modern challenges. Malay communities continue to draw inspiration from the lotus, whether through art, storytelling, or personal reflection.

Conclusion

The lotus flower is more than just a botanical marvel; it is a profound symbol that encapsulates the essence of Malay culture. From its associations with purity and resilience to its integration into art, architecture, and daily life, the lotus remains an enduring icon of beauty and strength. For the Malay community, its significance transcends mere aesthetics, embodying ideals that inspire and unite generations.

Sendeng Teratai's Collaboration with Sendeng Seturut for Tunas Harapan 10 December 2024

8 Dec 2024 marked a groundbreaking chapter for Perguruan Seni Silat Sendeng Teratai as they joined forces with Sendeng Seturut to compete in Tunas Harapan 2024. Organized by Kemuning Society and Seligi Tunggal Kemuning, the event featured formidable competitors such as Pencak Sendeng, Alhaq, Seligi Tunggal Kemuning, Grasio (Hillview CC), Gayong Singapura, Seligi Tunggal Angkatan, and Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah Singapura. Notably, it was also likely the first time two distinct perguruan, with considerably different styles, collaborated to compete under a unified banner – Persatuan Seni Silat Harimau.

Training for Excellence

The selected pesilats dedicated themselves to rigorous training, enhancing their jurus and mastering new skills to prepare for the competition. This demanding process required them to adapt their schedules and juggle between various training venues, including frequent sessions at Macpherson CC. Collaboration with Sendeng Seturut brought new challenges, as pesilats had to quickly learn and excel in handling unfamiliar weapons. Initial struggles, such as nicks and cuts, were met with perseverance and resilience.

Among the many highlights, Eikky and Alif's performance with the parang berapi stole the show. These fiery machetes, known for creating sparks upon impact, were wielded with remarkable precision, leaving the audience mesmerized. Their dynamic display concluded with rousing applause and admiration from spectators.

Hannah Naima showcased her prowess with the cucuk sanggul, a traditional weapon synonymous with female warriors. Her graceful and precise demonstration, evoking the elegance and strength of figures like Tun Fatimah, left a lasting impression on the judges and audience alike, winning a silver medal for herself and the team. Her performance was a perfect blend of dance and martial artistry, embodying the essence of Silat.

Eivva, Eiffa, and Danish contributed equally compelling performances with the kerambit and cindai. Their fluid movements, sharp techniques, and unyielding focus exemplified the depth of their training and their dedication to the craft. Their synchronization and energy captivated everyone, earning accolades from peers and spectators.

Unsung Heroes

Behind the scenes, Puteri emerged as an unsung hero. Though she did not compete in the final event, her relentless efforts to master the kerambit inspired her teammates. Her determination and tenacity reflected the spirit of collaboration and unity between the two perguruan.

Equally crucial to this success were the parents and supporters of the pesilats. Their tireless contributions, from logistical support to emotional encouragement, enabled the pesilats to focus and excel. More than logistical aid, they instilled values of respect and camaraderie, emphasizing the importance of fostering meaningful collaborations, such as the one between Sendeng Teratai and Sendeng Seturut.

A Milestone in Unity

The collaboration between Sendeng Teratai and Sendeng Seturut for Tunas Harapan 2024 was more than a competition; it was a celebration of unity, resilience, and shared passion for Silat. This milestone not only showcased the immense talent of the pesilats but also highlighted the transformative power of collaboration in overcoming challenges and achieving greatness. It set a precedent for future partnerships and solidified the reputation of Persatuan Seni Silat Harimau as a symbol of unity in diversity within the Silat community. Perguruan Seni Silat Sendeng Teratai is appreciative of the collaboration between the two perguruans and excited over how the future may unfold for both Sendeng Teratai and Sendeng Seturut.

Rihlah Pusaka 2024: A Journey Into The Depths of Malay Martial Culture 9 December 2024

Imagine starting your day with the melody of birdsong, the gentle rustle of leaves, and the sight of squirrels darting about in search of food. This idyllic scene set the tone for the participants of Rihlah Pusaka 2024, held on 7 December 2024. Organized in collaboration with Fernvale Community Club, the event brought together parents, pesilats, and local residents eager to delve into the heart of Malay martial culture while embracing the wonders of Mother Nature. The hike was met with enthusiastic feedback, solidifying its success as a meaningful cultural and educational experience.

A Walk Through Heritage and Nature

Rihlah Pusaka provided a rare and unprecedented opportunity to explore the rich tapestry of Malay culture while gaining a deeper appreciation for the flora and fauna that hold significance in Malay traditions. As participants meandered through the lush greenery, they discovered the plants and trees intricately tied to Malay customs, proverbs, and heritage. The event was not just a hike but an extraordinary exploration into the profound concept of *Budi* — the Malay philosophy that encapsulates wisdom, kindness, and respect.

The hike also shed light on how nature has shaped the Malay worldview. Participants learned the wisdom behind well-known Malay proverbs and saw firsthand how the natural environment influenced Malay cosmology and values. For instance, they discovered the versatile use of kemuning wood, valued not only for its strength and beauty but also for its medicinal properties as a natural sedative for cuts. This traditional remedy highlights the deep interplay between nature and the practical wisdom of Malay culture. From the majestic Banyan tree symbolizing strength and community to the medicinal qualities of plants like the senduduk, nature’s role in Malay life became vividly clear.

Guided by a Master

Guiding this rare and enriching experience was Cikgu Jailani, whose deep knowledge and passion for Malay culture illuminated every aspect of the hike. His engaging storytelling painted a vivid picture of the intricate connections between the natural world and Malay traditions. He explained how nature not only inspires artistic expression but also forms the philosophical foundation of Malay reasoning and thought. Cikgu Jailani’s insights bridged the past with the present, allowing participants to grasp the enduring relevance of these traditions.

A Resonance Beyond the Trail

More than just a hike, Rihlah Pusaka 2024 left participants with a newfound respect for the wisdom embedded in Malay culture. For parents, it was an opportunity to share valuable lessons with their children, ensuring that the rich legacy of Malay heritage continues to flourish. For pesilats, it deepened their understanding of the cultural roots underpinning their martial art. For the broader community, it was a chance to connect with the living heritage that makes Malay culture so vibrant and enduring.

The event’s success lies not only in its ability to educate but also in fostering a sense of unity and appreciation among participants. Rihlah Pusaka 2024 was a celebration of culture, nature, and community—a reminder of the beauty and depth of the Malay martial tradition and its timeless connection to the natural world.

Moving Forward

Rihlah Pusaka has set a high benchmark for cultural events, blending education, physical activity, and community engagement into an unforgettable experience. As participants parted ways, the lessons and stories they carried with them will undoubtedly inspire a deeper connection to Malay heritage and the natural world for years to come. The organizers and participants alike look forward to the next chapter of this meaningful journey.

Triumph at Pesta Sukan 2024: Sendeng Teratai's Journey to Victory 6 August 2024

Alhamdulillah! Perguruan Seni Silat Sendeng Teratai proudly participated in the Pesta Sukan 2024 - Silat competition, achieving remarkable success with three bronze and two silver medals. A commendable achievement for our perguruan, which sent thirteen dedicated athletes to compete against some of the best in Singapore. This victory is particularly impressive for a team still finding its footing in the face of new silat regulations and internal organizational changes.

Navigating New Challenges

The journey to the Pesta Sukan was fraught with challenges. Our athletes, most of whom are newcomers to the competitive silat scene, had to quickly adapt to a set of newly introduced competition rules—a daunting task that required both mental agility and physical adaptability. Moreover, our school underwent significant organizational transformations during the preparation period, which added an extra layer of complexity to their training routines.

Despite these hurdles, our team displayed remarkable resilience. The new rules demanded not just technical proficiency but strategic acumen, prompting our coaches to innovate our training methodologies. These adaptations proved instrumental in not just meeting but exceeding expectations at the competition.

The Role of Leadership and Support

The success of Sendeng Teratai at Pesta Sukan 2024 can also be attributed to the exemplary leadership of our coaches and the unwavering support from our team managers and parents. The coaches' expertise and motivational skills were crucial in preparing our athletes for the pressures of such a high-stakes environment. Meanwhile, the parents and team managers fostered a nurturing community that became the backbone of our athletes' support system, providing them with the encouragement and confidence needed to perform at their best. Equally instrumental is the support of various other perguruans, especially Sendeng Seturut, and club coaches who rallied behind us and threw their weight behind Sendeng Teratai in its development and journey.  

Lessons Learned and Future Aspirations

This competition was more than a showcase of skill and talent; it was a learning experience for everyone involved. Our athletes gained invaluable insights into the discipline of silat, learning that victory is as much about mental strength as it is about physical prowess. The experience has also stoked a fire within them to push beyond their limits and strive for even greater achievements in future competitions.

Looking ahead, Perguruan Seni Silat Sendeng Teratai is committed to building on this success. We aim to refine our training programs further and continue fostering a culture of excellence and perseverance. As we celebrate our achievements at Pesta Sukan 2024, we are also setting our sights higher, preparing for more challenges and triumphs in the future.

This victory at Pesta Sukan is a milestone for Sendeng Teratai, symbolizing both the end of one journey and the promising start of another. With hard work, unity, and the continued support of our community, the potential for our athletes is limitless. Let us move forward, carrying the lessons learned and the spirit of resilience into all future endeavours.

The Paramount Importance of Safety in Teaching Pencak Silat             ` 3 July 2024

Pencak Silat, a traditional martial art from Southeast Asia, is known for its fluid movements, powerful strikes, and intricate techniques. This martial art, which encompasses both physical and mental discipline, is practiced widely for self-defense, cultural preservation, and sports. As with any martial art, safety is of utmost importance in the teaching and practice of Pencak Silat. Ensuring the safety of practitioners not only prevents injuries but also promotes a conducive learning environment and preserves the integrity of the art. Here are several reasons why safety is paramount in the teaching of Pencak Silat.

Preventing Injuries

The primary reason for emphasizing safety in Pencak Silat is to prevent injuries. Pencak Silat involves a wide range of movements, including strikes, joint locks, throws, and ground fighting techniques. Without proper precautions, practitioners are at risk of sprains, fractures, concussions, and other serious injuries. Implementing safety measures, such as proper warm-ups, using protective gear, and ensuring safe practice environments, significantly reduces the risk of injury.

Promoting Effective Learning

A safe learning environment allows students to focus on mastering techniques without the fear of getting hurt. When students feel safe, they are more likely to push their boundaries, try new techniques, and progress in their training. Conversely, a lack of safety can lead to anxiety and hesitation, hindering the learning process. Instructors who prioritize safety create an atmosphere of trust and confidence, which is essential for effective learning.

Maintaining Ethical Standards

Martial arts are not just about physical prowess; they also encompass a set of ethical principles. Respect for one’s training partners and the art itself is a core value in Pencak Silat. By emphasizing safety, instructors demonstrate their commitment to these ethical standards. This respect fosters a sense of community and camaraderie among practitioners, reinforcing the moral and ethical dimensions of Pencak Silat.

Ensuring Long-Term Practice

Pencak Silat, like any martial art, is best practiced over a long period. Long-term practice allows practitioners to fully absorb and internalize the art’s techniques and philosophies. However, sustaining injuries can derail training and even lead to permanent withdrawal from practice. By prioritizing safety, instructors ensure that practitioners can continue their training for many years, allowing them to achieve a high level of proficiency and gain the full benefits of the art.

Adhering to Legal and Professional Standards

In many countries, martial arts schools and instructors are subject to legal regulations and professional standards. Ensuring the safety of students helps martial arts schools comply with these regulations, thereby avoiding legal liabilities. Additionally, maintaining high safety standards enhances the professional reputation of instructors and schools, attracting more students and contributing to the growth of the Pencak Silat community.

Enhancing the Art’s Reputation

Pencak Silat’s reputation as a respected and effective martial art is bolstered by a strong emphasis on safety. When practitioners consistently experience safe and positive training environments, they are more likely to speak highly of the art, thereby attracting new students and supporters. A reputation for safety also distinguishes Pencak Silat from other martial arts that may not prioritize the well-being of their practitioners to the same extent.

Conclusion

Safety is not merely an aspect of Pencak Silat training; it is the foundation upon which effective teaching and practice are built. By preventing injuries, promoting effective learning, maintaining ethical standards, ensuring long-term practice, adhering to legal requirements, and enhancing the art’s reputation, safety plays a crucial role in the continued success and growth of Pencak Silat. Instructors and students alike must remain vigilant and committed to safety to preserve the integrity and effectiveness of this revered martial art.

The Evolution Imperative: Ensuring the Survival of Traditional Pencak Silat 6 June 2024

Traditional Pencak Silat, a martial art rich in history and cultural significance, faces a critical juncture. As martial arts evolve to meet modern demands and remain relevant, Pencak Silat must adapt and reinvent itself to avoid becoming a relic of the past. The story of many now-extinct martial arts serves as a cautionary tale, underscoring the need for evolution to preserve tradition. This article explores why adaptation is crucial for Pencak Silat's survival and how it can navigate the path of modernization while retaining its essence.

The Historical Context of Martial Arts Evolution

Throughout history, numerous martial arts have risen and fallen, often due to their inability to adapt to changing times. For instance, traditional European martial arts, such as those practised by medieval knights, largely disappeared with the advent of firearms and changing warfare tactics. Similarly, many indigenous martial arts around the world have been overshadowed by more commercially successful or globally recognized practices like Karate, Judo, and Taekwondo.

Challenges Facing Traditional Pencak Silat

1. Modernization and Globalization: In an increasingly globalized world, martial arts from various cultures compete for attention and practice. Pencak Silat, with its deep cultural roots in Indonesia and Malaysia, must appeal to a broader, international audience to thrive.

2. Commercial Viability: Modern martial arts often thrive due to their commercial appeal, structured training programs, and competitive elements. Pencak Silat needs to find a balance between preserving its traditional elements and offering a marketable, engaging experience for new practitioners.

3. Technological Advancements: The digital age demands a strong online presence. Many martial arts have leveraged online platforms for tutorials, virtual training sessions, and global competitions. Pencak Silat must embrace technology to reach a wider audience.

The Need for Adaptation

1. Cultural Preservation vs. Modern Relevance: Adapting does not mean abandoning tradition. Instead, it involves finding innovative ways to present and practice Pencak Silat that resonate with contemporary audiences while preserving its core values and techniques.

2. Integration into Mainstream Sports: By incorporating competitive elements and aligning with international sports organizations, Pencak Silat can gain recognition and legitimacy. The inclusion of Silat in events like the Southeast Asian Games is a positive step in this direction.

3. Educational Integration: Incorporating Pencak Silat into school curriculums and community programs can introduce the art to younger generations, ensuring its practice and appreciation continue.

Strategies for Reinvention

1. Modern Training Methods: Updating training methodologies to include modern fitness and conditioning techniques can enhance the physical preparedness of practitioners. Integrating scientific approaches to training can improve performance and appeal to a health-conscious audience.

2. Digital Engagement: Developing online content, including instructional videos, virtual seminars, and interactive platforms, can attract a global audience. Social media campaigns and collaborations with popular martial arts influencers can boost visibility.

3. Fusion with Other Disciplines: Collaborating with other martial arts or incorporating elements from different disciplines can create hybrid styles that retain Pencak Silat’s uniqueness while appealing to a broader audience. This fusion approach has been successful for many martial arts in maintaining relevance.

4. Promoting Cultural Heritage: Emphasizing the rich cultural heritage of Pencak Silat can attract those interested in history and cultural practices. Organizing cultural festivals, workshops, and exhibitions can enhance its cultural value and draw enthusiasts.

Conclusion

The survival of Traditional Pencak Silat hinges on its ability to adapt to modern contexts without losing its cultural and historical essence. By embracing modernization, leveraging technology, and finding innovative ways to present its unique qualities, Pencak Silat can thrive in a contemporary world. This balance of tradition and innovation will ensure that Pencak Silat remains a living, evolving martial art rather than a forgotten relic of the past. Through strategic reinvention, Pencak Silat can secure its place in the pantheon of global martial arts for generations to come.

The Forgotten Arts: Exploring Extinct Martial Arts and the Reasons Behind Their Demise     1 June 2024

Introduction

Martial arts have been an integral part of human culture for centuries, serving as systems of combat, self-defence, and even spiritual development. While many martial arts have thrived and evolved, some have vanished into the annals of history. This article delves into a few of these extinct martial arts and explores the factors that contributed to their disappearance.

Examples of Extinct Martial Arts

1. Bartitsu:

   • Origin: England, late 19th century

   • Creator: Edward William Barton-Wright

   • Description: Bartitsu combined elements of boxing, jujitsu, cane fighting, and French kickboxing (savate). It was one of the first mixed martial arts and gained brief popularity in Victorian London.

   • Reasons for Extinction: Despite its innovative approach, Bartitsu's decline began after Barton-Wright's promotional efforts waned and he ceased teaching. The rise of other martial arts and changes in public interest also contributed to its fall.

2. Pankration:

   • Origin: Ancient Greece

   • Description: A blend of boxing and wrestling, Pankration was a brutal, no-holds-barred combat sport featured in the ancient Olympic Games.

   • Reasons for Extinction: The decline of the ancient Greek civilization and the subsequent rise of the Roman Empire, which favored gladiatorial games, led to Pankration's gradual disappearance. Its extreme violence may have also contributed to its decline in a more civilized society.

3. Kapu Kuialua (Lua):

   • Origin: Hawaii

   • Description: A traditional Hawaiian martial art focused on bone-breaking, joint locks, and throws, Lua was practiced by Hawaiian warriors known as Koa.

   • Reasons for Extinction: The colonization of Hawaii by Western powers, along with the suppression of native Hawaiian culture and practices, led to Lua’s decline. The introduction of Western military training further overshadowed traditional methods.

4. Viking Glima:

   • Origin: Scandinavia

   • Description: Glima was a form of wrestling practiced by Viking warriors, emphasizing grappling and balance techniques.

   • Reasons for Extinction: As Viking culture assimilated into broader European societies and warfare evolved, the need for traditional wrestling practices diminished. The spread of Christianity also led to the suppression of many pagan customs, including martial arts.

5. Zhuaquan (Claw Boxing):

   • Origin: China

   • Description: An ancient Chinese martial art focusing on seizing and tearing techniques, Zhuaquan was known for its distinctive and fierce combat methods.

   • Reasons for Extinction: The standardization of martial arts during the Qing Dynasty and the subsequent rise of more structured systems like Shaolin Kung Fu contributed to Zhuaquan’s decline. Political upheavals and cultural shifts further eroded its practice.

Factors Leading to Martial Arts Extinction

1. Cultural and Political Changes: Many martial arts vanished due to cultural assimilation, colonization, and political shifts. As societies changed, so did their martial practices. The suppression of indigenous cultures often led to the disappearance of their martial arts.

2. Technological Advancements: The advent of firearms and modern weaponry rendered many traditional combat styles obsolete. As warfare evolved, the practical need for certain martial arts diminished, leading to their decline.

3. Lack of Documentation: Some martial arts faded away simply because they were not adequately documented. Oral traditions and the lack of written records meant that the techniques and philosophies of these arts were lost over time.

4. Competition and Popularity: Martial arts are subject to trends and popularity. Arts that failed to adapt or compete with more popular or commercially successful styles often fell by the wayside. The global rise of arts like Karate, Judo, and Taekwondo overshadowed many lesser-known practices.

5. Suppression and Prohibition: In some cases, martial arts were actively suppressed by ruling powers. Colonial governments, for example, often banned native martial arts to prevent uprisings. Such prohibitions led to the gradual extinction of these practices.

Conclusion

The extinction of certain martial arts serves as a poignant reminder of the dynamic nature of human culture and the factors that shape it. While some martial arts have disappeared, their legacies persist, often influencing modern practices in subtle ways. Understanding the reasons behind their demise not only honours their historical significance but also highlights the importance of preserving and adapting cultural practices to ensure their survival in an ever-changing world.

Importance of Grading and Belt System 15 Mar 2024

Grading and a clear systematic belt system play a crucial role in the teaching and learning of martial arts for several reasons, which can be particularly significant when applied to a traditional martial art like Pencak Silat, which historically had no formal belt system. Here’s an explanation within this context:

1. Structure and Progression

Traditional Context:

Like many traditional martial arts, Pencak Silat was often taught in a less formal manner, with progression based on the teacher’s discretion and the student’s dedication and skill.

Modern Implementation:

A systematic belt system introduces a structured progression path. This helps both students and instructors by clearly defining the stages of learning and development. For students, it provides tangible goals to work towards, which can motivate continuous improvement and dedication. For instructors, it offers a clear framework for assessing and recognizing students’ skills and knowledge at various levels.

2. Standardisation and Consistency

Traditional Context:

Without a formal grading system, the criteria for advancement in Pencak Silat could vary significantly from one instructor to another or from one school to another, leading to inconsistencies in skill levels among practitioners.

Modern Implementation:

A belt system helps standardize the curriculum and ensures consistency in training and assessment. It creates a common benchmark for skills and knowledge at each level, ensuring that practitioners have a uniform understanding and proficiency regardless of where they train.

3. Motivation and Recognition

Traditional Context:

In traditional settings, recognition often came in the form of verbal praise or increased responsibilities within the group, which might not be as motivating for some students, especially in a contemporary context where clear indicators of progress are valued.

Modern Implementation:

The belt system provides clear, visible symbols of achievement and progression. This recognition can be highly motivating for students, encouraging them to strive for higher levels. It gives them a sense of accomplishment and boosts their confidence, reinforcing their commitment to the martial art.

4. Goal Setting and Achievement

Traditional Context:

Students might have had long-term goals, but the lack of intermediate milestones could make the path seem daunting and less defined.

Modern Implementation:

A belt system breaks down the long-term journey into manageable short-term goals. Each belt level represents a step towards mastery, making the learning process less overwhelming and more achievable. This incremental goal-setting is psychologically beneficial, helping students to stay focused and driven.

5. Clear Learning Pathway

Traditional Context:

Learning in traditional Pencak Silat could be more organic and less predictable, depending heavily on the individual teacher’s approach.

Modern Implementation:

With a clear grading system, there is a well-defined learning pathway. Students know what is expected of them at each level and can prepare accordingly. This clarity enhances the learning experience, making it easier for students to track their progress and for instructors to plan their teaching methods.

6. Community and Belonging

Traditional Context:

The sense of belonging in traditional martial arts communities was often fostered through shared experiences and personal relationships.

Modern Implementation:

A belt system creates a shared framework within the community. It helps build a sense of camaraderie among students at the same level and respect for those at higher levels. This sense of belonging can enhance the overall training environment, fostering mutual support and respect.

7. Facilitating Instruction and Assessment

Traditional Context:

Assessing a student’s progress in traditional settings relied heavily on subjective judgment by the instructor.

Modern Implementation:

The belt system provides clear criteria for assessment, making it easier for instructors to evaluate students objectively. It helps in identifying areas where a student may need more practice or guidance, thereby facilitating more effective instruction and feedback.

Conclusion

Incorporating a grading and belt system into the teaching and learning of Pencak Silat can bridge the gap between traditional practices and modern educational methodologies. It maintains the art’s cultural heritage while enhancing the training experience through structure, motivation, standardization, and clear progression. This blend of tradition and systematization can help preserve Pencak Silat’s rich history while making it more accessible and appealing to contemporary practitioners.

Fundamental Movement Skills in Sendeng Teratai 29 Dec 2022

Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) refers to an organized series of basic movements that involve the combination of movement patterns of two or more body parts (Gallahue & Cleland-Donnelly, 2007) and involves the development of stability, locomotion and object control skills in children. Between the ages of three and five years, children are starting to develop their fundamental movement skills (FMS) and enjoy a wide variety of activities. 

FMS has been linked to simple skills that help the child understand and learn and is the basis for all motor skills. It has been supported that progression is enhanced when starting with simple and continuing with more complex tasks (Lisa M. Barnett et al., 2016). FMS can subsequently be further developed until the age of 10-12. FMS may be developed through physical education lessons or organised sports, both of which are offered through Pencak Silat.

FMS are essential to the more specialized and complex skills used in playing, games, and sports. Mastery of these basic motor skills which predominantly evolve during the preschool years , is an essential part of pleasant participation and a lifelong interest in a physically active lifestyle(Wick et al., 2017). Proficiency in FMS is considered critical to achieving and maintaining physical activity and physical fitness preventing obesity and developing more complex motor skills for later life(Logan, Kipling Webster, Getchell, Pfeiffer, & Robinson, 2015). 

Children who do not receive adequate FMS stimulus often find themselves facing developmental delays in their global motor skills as well as frustration and difficulty in learning more advanced skills. When ignored, children with FMS deficit grow up with poor motivation for important activities such as school, further impacting their cognitive, social, moral, physical and emotional development.  

Sendeng Teratai addresses the above by adopting a clear instructional method, encouraging learners via a specific progression path and learning objectives. Students are also encouraged to go beyond pencak silat and exposed to various other sports and games, while not sacrificing its essence as a martial arts institution.  In line with the above, students are also exposed to wirarobics, a system unique to Sendeng Teratai where contemporary traditional and ethnic music is introduced as a vehicle to further develop their FMS skills, paying focus on all three domains in FMS.

10 Things You Should Know About Silat 12 Sept 2022

1. Silat is a form of self-defence martial arts and a cultural form indigenous to Southeast Asia, with Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore recognised as countries it is indigenous to. It is also traditionally practised in surrounding areas like Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. Silat incorporates both physical and mental strength.

2. Silat as practised popularly today was developed by PERSILAT, the International Pencak Silat Federation, which had the sole intent of introducing Silat to a wider audience. Traditional forms of silat, however, still continue to be taught within closed circles or communities. Today, it is widely practised in countries as far as Austria, France and the United Kingdom.

3. The roots of Modern Silat extend back to Indonesia where it is known as pencak silat. Traditional Silat has influences tracing back to foreign regions such as China, India and Japan. The infusion of foreign elements was not only obtained through wars and conquests, but also through trade and diplomacy. Scholars believe that Silat developed into a system in the 12th century when the martial art was further developed in Langkasuka under Srivijaya, after the Chola Empire was expelled from Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.

4. Like many other martial art systems, Silat is a wide system of combat techniques that involve grappling, the use of pressure and targeting vital points on the body. What differentiates it from the others is its focus on close-quarter combat.  Silat has even been used in military and police training in Malaysia and Indonesia!

5. With time, Silat has evolved in its role – from being a form of close combat, to a martial art, a cultural form and finally, a sport that is even recognised by the Olympic Council.

6. As a beloved cultural form, Silat incorporates traditional costumes, music, weaponry and oral traditions drawn from the Malay Archipelago and cultures of the region. It upholds important community values such as comradeship and maintaining social order.

7. Silat also pays great emphasis on the system of discipleship. Students often commit themselves to a master, and are devoted to mastering a sacred branch of knowledge within the Malay culture.

8. Silat used to be practised by the pendekar and panglima (warriors and commanders) of the Malay kingdoms. Till today, it upholds community values such as comradeship and maintaining social order. Silat masters of exceptional calibre may sometimes be referred to as Pendekars, who function as guides in the Malay community.

9. Silat gurus (teachers) are continuing the traditions of Silat while incorporating new changes through Olahraga, keeping this important cultural form alive for generations to come.

10. Pencak Silat was recognised by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2019. Silat has also made its way into popular culture – from classic Malay movies such as Semerah Padi (1956), to recent fare such as Mile 22 (2018).